A (des)construção do discurso indigenista oficial brasileiro da 1ª Conferência Nacional de Política Indigenista: uma análise discursiva

Abstract

Based on the assumption that the social production of discourses is not casual, but controlled, organized and selected through control procedures in order to allow the formation of identities and power relations, we propose to reflect, under the discursive bias on the documents prepared on the occasion of the 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy in 2015, namely, Base Document, Methodological Guidance Book - Local Steps, Methodological Guidance Book - Regional Steps and the speech of the then president of FUNAI João Pedro Gonçalves da Costa calling for the participation of 1CNPI. We seek to highlight the relationships that these documents establish with others, international, that deal with the rights of indigenous peoples, namely Convention No. 169 of the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. We raised the hypothesis that the discursive creation of representation on the indigenous subject by the official Brazilian indigenous speech brings marks of coloniality and contributes to the normalization of the exclusion that indigenous peoples have been subjected to since the beginning of colonization. The aim of this research was to problematize the official Brazilian indigenist discourse and reflect on its ideological constitution in order to identify discursive marks of the attempt to maintain indigenous subordination in its relationship with white people; to identify the discursive formations that cross the discourse and its role in the construction of the effects of meaning; to analyze the representations created by this discourse for the indigenous subject and the effects of meaning they generate. This research is anchored in the theoretical framework of Discourse Analysis of French origin (PÊCHEUX, 1995), under the deconstructive perspective (CORACINI, 2007; GUERRA, 2010, 2015). It also draws on the transdisciplinary character of this field of research to mobilize postcolonial studies based on the epistemology of the south (QUIJANO, 1992, 2010; MIGNOLO, 2008; NOLASCO, 2016; SOUSA-SANTOS, 2010, 2013) in order to identify and to problematize the marks of coloniality that emerge from the discursive materiality and their effects on the subordinate voices present in the peripheral spaces and manifested by border subjects. Through the Focaultian archeogenealogy (FOUCAULT, 1987, 2007) combined with a border point of view (NOLASCO, 2016) we propose to identify and analyze the conditions of production of the official Brazilian indigenous speech, with the purpose of seeking to understand the process of discursive construction of representation about the indigenous subject in official texts. The analyzes carried out indicate that the 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy is being held as a “necessity” created by Brazil's ratification of ILO Convention No. 169 and the United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples; they also indicate that the thematic axes listed by the Brazilian indigenous documents that constituted the object of this research are crossed interdiscursively by the international documents; and, finally, the images created about the indigenous subject in these documents represent him as stereotyped, militant and full of guarantees and rights.