Revisão de literatura: Participação do sistema purinérgico em processos neuroinflamatórios

Abstract

ATP is mainly known for its metabolic role in extracellular and intracellular environment. The purinergic system highlights the role of ATP in the extracellular environment as a signaling molecule in different organs and tissues. The components of this system are present in immune cells and can act in different ways. In the central nervous system, they participate in neuroinflammatory processes through the immune cells in the region. They assist in the release of inflammatory components (cytokines) and are agents of response to the cause of disturbance, such as a malfunctioning tissue. This action over an extended period contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the existence of participation of the purinergic system in these neuroinflammatory processes, the goal of this work is to carry out a literature review in order to address what has been researched on the subject. The bibliographic survey referred to the periods from 2018 to 2022, with the search for articles on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar platforms. A total of 20 works were selected, which had their information grouped into 6 categories: 3.1 Purinergic system and neuroinflammation; 3.2 P2X7 and P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammatory conditions; 3.3 P2Y12 receptors and their role in neuroinflammation; 3.4 A1 and A2A adenosine receptors in neuroinflammation; 3.5 Ectonucleotidases and neuroinflammation. The results point to the prevalence of studies focused on the P2X7 receptor and adenosine receptors, with the need for further studies on other receptors and system enzymes. Regarding neuroinflammation, much of the research has focused mainly on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. There are new studies on the cooperative action between the components of the purinergic system. Purinergic signaling is an important mechanism for the neuroinflammatory response and has therapeutic potential to be explored.