ASPECTOS PSICOSSOCIAIS RELACIONADOS AO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA SÍNDROME DE BURNOUT EM RESIDENTES DA ÁREA DA SAÚDE

Abstract

This study aimed to identify, through an integrative literature review, the risk factors associated with the development of burnout syndrome in healthcare residents, considering the influence of working conditions, violence, and moral harassment on the illness process and the quality of care provided. Searches were conducted in the PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases using the descriptors “burnout” and “health personnel” in publications between 2015 and 2025, in Portuguese or English. The final sample included 16 studies, of which 8 (50%) had a cross-sectional design, 3 (18,75%) descriptive, 2 (12,5%) analytical, 1 (6,25%) longitudinal, 1 (6,25%) integrative reviews, and 1 (6,25%) systematic review. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was widely used, applied in 37.75% of cross-sectional studies, along with complementary instruments such as the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which expanded the evaluation to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and coping. The results indicate a high prevalence of burnout syndrome, especially among female professionals, with nursing standing out as a category historically associated with work overload, continuous exposure to suffering and death, and dual work shifts. Factors such as exhaustive working hours, excessive shifts, low autonomy, deficiencies in hierarchical relationships, and episodes of physical and verbal violence and moral harassment were strongly associated with burnout. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified this scenario, increasing emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and suicidal ideation, particularly among residents who worked on the front lines. Despite the consistency of the findings, a significant gap was identified regarding intervention studies, as most research is limited to measuring prevalence and identifying associated factors. It is concluded that burnout syndrome in residents is a complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction of personal, organizational, and social variables, representing a significant risk to professionals' mental health and the quality of healthcare. It is essential that educational and management institutions implement preventive strategies such as work hour limitations, strengthening psychosocial support, encouraging autonomy, developing socio-emotional skills, and promoting multiprofessional appreciation. Furthermore, longitudinal and multicenter studies are recommended to support public and institutional policies aimed at preventing psychological illness and promoting residents mental health.