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Diversidade genética e fragmentação de habitats naturais de Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl. (APOCYNACEAE), questões para conservação em vegetações de Chaco e Savana Estépica
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Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Abstract
The activities of intense wood removal of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco are part of a
past marked by the extractive economy of the Chaco. It is a species traditionally known for
its medicinal use in the treatment of malaria, and anti-asthmatic properties, recognized by
chemical studies of the presence of alkaloids in their bark. Wood also has attributes that
makes it a great option for woodwork and charcoal fabrication. In this context, actions that
aimed to pointout new directions for natural population’s management and conservation are
extremely necessary. This work aimed to estimate the specie genetic diversity in fragmented
populations of A. quebracho-blanco, with the purpose of subsidizing conservation
strategies. Plant sampling were carried out in every known distribution area (Argentina,
Brazil and Paraguay). Thwenty-five individuals, from five populations, were collected and
georeferenced, each sampled area was positioned in the shapefile files containing the Chaco
and Savana Estépica phytophysiognomies to identify fragmented habitats. To describe the
genetic diversity, six nuclear ISSR primers were used, which presented the primers with the
highest number of fragments, good resolution and more informative characters, after initial
tests. The coefficient values of the similarity matrix obtained between the populations
varied from 0.26 to 0.55, differently from those found among individuals (0.0 and 0.77).
The genetic diversity averages were low and ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 for the Shannon
index (H') and from 0.19 to 0.31 for Nei (Ne) diversity index, proportionally related to the
polymorphic information content (PIC). The sampled populations are distributed in the
northern Chaco and Savane Steppique areas that present different levels of environmental
impact. Self-compatibility and the effects of forest fragmentation may be responsible for the
reduction of heterozygous and genetic diversity of the species. The results obtained also
suggest that the closest populations are less divergent, especially in environments where
seed dispersal is facilitated. The history of disturbances in the fragments in which the
populations are located may make them more vulnerable to genetic drift effects, endogamy
and border effect, also compromising more than 200 species of insects associated with A.
quebracho-blanco. It is worth emphasizing that in plant populations from arid areas, that
have adverse weather conditions, may have the establishment of seedlings compromised,
which is an indispensable condition for the collection of germplasm in suitable areas. Thus,
the results obtained indicate a great threat to the conservation of A. quebracho-blanco
genetic resources, requiring conservation units and the creation of new germplasm banks
containing genetic material from more conserved and representative fragments.
Description
Citation
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