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Liquens parmelioides (Parmeliaceae) do extremo sul da Mata Atlântica: a diversidade revelada em uma análise integrativa
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Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Abstract
The identification and conception of the diversity of lichenized fungi has been modified
in the last decades, mainly with the evolution of the techniques of molecular biology
and bioinformatics. In this sense, DNA barcoding has gained prominence in the area of
lichenized fungi identification because it is a technique that is easy to perform in the
laboratory, however bringing as a first challenge the assembly of a database of reference
sequences for its use. In relation to lichenized fungi, Parmeliaceae, the largest family of
this group of organisms, has a high diversity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In this
state, among the different types of vegetation present, large areas of coastal vegetation
(restingas) are found along the entire coastal strip. This type of vegetation belongs to the
Atlantic Forest biome and is considered a biodiversity hotspot. From this, this work
aims at an integrative approach, that is, to use taxonomic data (based on morphological
and chemical diagnostic characteristics) and genetic (monophyly and genetic distances)
to discriminate the parmelioid lichen species in the restingas of the extreme south of
Brazil. Specimens selected after identification underwent the processes of DNA
extraction, amplification and sequencing of the ITS (universal barcode DNA of fungi)
region. Phylogenetic analyzes were performed with DNA sequences generated in this
study and sequences obtained from GenBank. As a result, 286 specimens were
examined and 86 ITS sequences were generated, represented in this study by 45 final
species based on the results of both analyzes. Among the species initially identified,
only 17 had sequences available from GenBank. Of these, six were considered to be cospecific with the reference sequences, eight grouped with sequences of the same
species, but presented divergence higher than the intraspecific pattern, two grouped as
the same species, while one did not cluster with the reference sequence. From the 45
final species, we found 13 new species and 16 new sequence records for GenBank of
known species, representing a 60% increase in the diversity of parmelioid lichens in the
restingas of the extreme south of Brazil. Thus, this work demonstrates how much the
diversity of lichenized fungi in Brazil is still little known, besides reinforcing the need
to increase the application of integrative analyzes to unravel the real diversity of
species.
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