DESIGUALDADE SOCIOESPACIAL NO ACESSO À ÁGUA E ESGOTO NO BRASIL

Abstract

Access to water and sewage services in Brazil are still marked by processes of sociospatial exclusion. In view of Law No. 11,445, dated January 5, 2007, which seeks to universalize access and effective service provision, this research intends to analyze the spatialization and socioeconomic characteristics of the locations served by sanitation infrastructure in the country. The research is based on data from the 2022 Demographic Census and uses indicators related to population composition, average income, and access to the general water supply network, sewage system, and lack of bathrooms and toilets. The methodology employs Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques, using GeoDa and QGIS, with calculations of the Global and Local Moran Index (LISA), allowing the identification of autocorrelation patterns and territorial clusters. The results show strong regional inequalities. The North and Northeast regions have higher proportions of non-white populations, lower income levels, and worse sanitation indicators, including low percentages of coverage by the general water and sewage network and a higher occurrence of households without bathrooms. In contrast, the Southeast and South regions have higher average incomes and greater coverage of water and sewage services. Conditional maps reveal that income is the main determinant of access to sanitation, but its relationship with racial composition indicates overlapping vulnerabilities. The integrated analysis suggests the persistence of a sociospatial pattern of exclusion, revealing evidence of environmental racism and structural inequalities that affect access to water and sanitation.