Relação da microbiota intestinal com o Transtorno do Espectro Autista: Uma revisão narrativa

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the hypothesis that intestinal dysbiosis may play a relevant role in the manifestation and modulation of ASD symptoms through the gut–brain axis. This study, conducted as a narrative review, aimed to analyze the current evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and ASD, considering both the possibility that microbial alterations influence neurodevelopment and that ASD itself contributes to microbiota changes. Proposed mechanisms linking dysbiosis to ASD pathophysiology include the production of neuroactive microbial metabolites, modulation of the intestinal barrier, and activation of inflammatory responses. Furthermore, emerging therapeutic strategies were discussed, including probiotic supplementation, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions. The reviewed studies suggest that a balanced gut microbiome, characterized by high diversity and the presence of beneficial bacteria, is associated with better behavioral outcomes in individuals with ASD. In conclusion, although the direction of causality remains unclear, the gut microbiota represents a promising target for future interventions in the context of autism.