O Discurso do ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro sobre o indígena: a relutância de um arquivo colonial

Abstract

A careful look at the discourses that have circulated in our society, regarding indigenous people, makes it possible to understand that, since the times of “discovery”, the various Brazilian indigenous communities have been placed in a place of exclusion, on the margins of society. In this wake, the statements (re)produced today find their roots in the discursivities of the past, in a colonial archive that is still very present in contemporary society. Based on this conjecture, the objective is to identify, through discursive excerpts, that is, in Jair Bolsonaro's speeches, the power/knowledge relations, discursive and interdiscourse formations that lead to the process of exclusion/marginalization of the indigenous people, as well as to their conditions of existence/resistance, problematizing these discursivities and diverting the trajectory of thought towards a horizontal, heterogeneous perspective that considers the contribution of the diversity of knowledge in social relations. It is based on the hypothesis that Bolsonarist speeches produce reflections on the condition of marginalization of Brazilian indigenous communities, that their statements produce(will) results that go beyond personal convictions: they are speeches that reflect the positioning of a society as a whole , who has not yet learned to give the deserved respect to the indigenous people of our country. In a transdisciplinary way, the thesis is anchored in the theories: Discourse Analysis (DA) of French origin, with the aim of forming another place of knowledge, where language can be referred essentially to its exteriority, to understand its functioning as a significant process; Foucault's archaeogenealogical method (1990, 1996, 2000a, 2000b, 2006, 2007, 2008a, 2008b), who, although he was a historian and philosopher, was adopted by the AD to discuss issues such as knowledge, power and the desire for truth , bringing important concepts to the proposed analysis to be undertaken in this thesis, such as those of discursive formation and memory discursive; Derridean work (1994, 2001a, 2001b) which, following the same line of “adoption” by AD, mentioned above, contributes with important notions such as memory and archive; and, of decolonial studies, as a different perspective from the Eurocentric theories of other authors, which therefore contribute significantly to the deconstruction of unilateral and colonizing thinking. Methodologically, the thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, I present the conditions of production of Jair Bolsonaro's speeches, with the aim of elucidating under what circumstances these speeches were produced, bringing to light the trajectory of the federal deputy who reached the Presidency of the Republic, in the 2018 elections, without participating in the vast majority of political debates organized in that electoral election. The second part details the theoretical and methodological assumptions used in this research, presenting the authors and their conceptions arising from Discourse Analysis (DA), the archaeogenealogical method, Derridean theory and mobilizing concepts from decolonial studies. The third and final part was divided into three specific “axes”, in order to establish a more “didactic” examination of the discursive excerpts: self-representations of the subject/president; land representation of the subject/president and representations that the subject/president has of Brazilian indigenous people. It problematizes the speeches given by Jair Bolsonaro, over more than three decades of political career, exploring issues that, in particular, involve land, and the discrimination suffered by indigenous people, from the colonization process to the present day. current. From the analytical interpretative gesture, results point to the process of exclusion/marginalization of the indigenous people, as well as their conditions of existence/resistance, since, according to Foucault's (1990) mobility of power, the indigenous people resist, organize themselves to fight against these speeches and against the oppression of capitalist society. KEYWORDS: indigenous; speeches; Power relations; colonial archive; decolonial studies.